Evaluación y tratamiento polimodal del dolor musculo esquelético y abdominal en equinos.

Evaluation and polimodal treatment of pain skeletic and abdominal muscle in equines.

Contenido principal del artículo

Daniela Reyes Cardona
Dumar Alexander Jaramillo Hernández

Resumen

El dolor es uno de los aspectos más importantes que sugieren el estado de bienestar en los animales. Debido a que no podemos evaluar directamente los estados emocionales en ellos, la evaluación del bienestar se basa en factores fisiológicos e indicadores de comportamiento. Los veterinarios confían en la interpretación de la conducta de sus pacientes con el fin de guiar el tratamiento médico más adecuado, sin embargo, la evaluación clínica del dolor en animales es un procedimiento subjetivo dominado por el sesgo personal, la percepción y la fisiología. En los últimos años las investigaciones se han centrado en la creación de escalas de dolor (escala visual análoga, escala descriptiva simple, escala de calificación numérica, escala de dolor compuesta y escalas de gestos) con el fin de facilitar al clínico la determinación del grado de dolor que experimenta el paciente. Los enfoques farmacológicos para el tratamiento del dolor en equinos deben ser basados y seleccionados para fines específicos (inflamación, lesión nerviosa, sensibilización periférica frente a central) y en función de la gravedad y el tipo de dolor (somático frente a visceral; leve o grave), sin embargo la mayoría de los medicamentos utilizados para tratar el dolor en equinos se dividen en 4 categorías amplias: medicamentos antiinflamatorios (AINE), esteroides y no esteroides, opioides, y agonistas α2, a pesar de las propiedades analgésicas de estos fármacos, existen reportes de diversos efectos adversos asociados a su utilización. La analgesia polimodal es una alternativa, si bien no contempla nuevos grupos farmacológicos, propone el uso simultáneo de varios medicamentos que, por poseer diferentes mecanismos de acción, logran mejorar el efecto analgésico final, disminuyendo los riesgos de presentación de efectos adversos.

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