Las generaciones de las vacunas: Caso de vacunas antiparasitarias gastrointestinales utilizadas en Medicina Veterinaria
The generations of the vaccines: Case of gastrointestinal antiparasitic vaccines used in Veterinary Medicine
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Las vacunas son el pilar fundamental de la medicina preventiva y la base para posibles planes de control y/o erradicación de enfermedades, especialmente las infecciosas. Los parásitos internos en los animales de producción y de compañía continúan siendo una de las principales amenazas para la salud y el bienestar animal con importantes implicaciones económicas, además de su impacto en la salud pública mundial. Su control se ha basado casi exclusivamente en fármacos quimioterápicos, que desde hace varios años han perdido su eficacia y existen claros ejemplos de resistencia parasitaria a ellos. Hay pocos ejemplos comerciales de vacunas de parásitos gastrointestinales disponibles comercialmente para su uso en la práctica de la Medicina Veterinaria. Esta revisión describe algunos ejemplos comerciales de vacunas gastrointestinales antiparasitarias para su formulación en la práctica médica veterinaria, visto desde la perspectiva de “las generaciones de vacunas” y respaldado por estudios clínicos experimentales de antígenos prometedores para el control profiláctico de ciertos agentes parasitarios gastrointestinales de interés en salud pública principalmente. Hasta la fecha, está disponible con ciertas limitaciones comerciales en algunos países europeos y oceánicos Barbervax® y en países sudamericanos Providean® Hidatil EG95 para uso en rumiantes para el control de Haemonchus contortus y Echinococcus granulosus, respectivamente; en algunos países de América y África, Cysvax™ está disponible para el control de Taenia solium en cerdos; y en el mundo con muy pocas limitaciones, una serie de vacunas comerciales para el control de la coccidosis como la Eimeria spp. en la industria avícola: pavos, pollos de engorde y gallinas ponedoras (ej: CocciVac®, Immucox®, Paracox®, entre otros). Existe la necesidad de tener estos tipos de vacunas en todos los países donde estos parásitos gastrointestinales son endémicos y de esta manera brindar opciones para su control, por consiguiente, una serie de inversiones económicas son necesarias para apoyar el desarrollo técnico-científico en torno al desarrollo de nuevos biológicos (nueva generaciones de vacunas) efectivos y seguros para el control de los parásitos internos más relevantes en animales de producción y de compañía.
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