Efecto del enriquecimiento ambiental sobre la ganancia de peso y la relación humano-animal en bovinos en pastoreo
Effect of environmental enrichment on weight gain and human-animal relationship in grazing cattle
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Los bovinos en pastoreo extensivo del trópico bajo sobreviven a limitantes nutricionales, de salud y de bienestar, las cuales desafían constantemente la capacidad humana para brindarles planes de mejoramiento capaces de generar adaptabilidad al contexto productivo, disminuyendo las adversidades de un entorno ambiental y social. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar los tiempos de interacción y preferencia de los elementos de enriquecimiento ambiental, la relación humano-animal y ganancia de peso de bovinos en pastoreo del trópico bajo. Para ello, se utilizaron 26 bovinos que pastan en sistemas extensivos naturales, divididos al azar y aleatoriamente en dos grupos: el primero denominado G1C control, en el cual fue inexistente el uso de elementos de enriquecimiento ambiental en las áreas de pastoreo. Por otro lado, el grupo dos denominado G2EA, al cual se integraba durante una hora (9:00 am a 10:00 am) un ambiente modificado enriquecido con llantas, cepillos comerciales y cepillos artesanales. Los animales fueron evaluados por veinte horas durante cuatro semanas. En estas observaciones se valoraron los tiempos de contacto físico e interacción con los elementos enriquecidos, la relación humano-animal a través de 5 test Welfare Quality de miedo aproximación-evasión y la ganancia de peso durante el ensayo. Los datos fueron analizados con el programa estadístico SAS® versión 9.4. Se identificó que el enriquecimiento ambiental tuvo efectos comportamentales significativos en algunas de las variables analizadas como la relación humano-animal, siendo el grupo G2EA el que presentó mayores porcentajes de animales que permitieron un afianzamiento positivo. La interacción con los elementos de enriquecimiento que captó mayor porcentaje de uso fue el cepillo comercial estático. El enriquecimiento ambiental otorga a los bovinos de este experimento efectos beneficiosos de la relación humano-animal y efectos positivos para la ganancia de peso. Es necesario llevar a cabo más estudios, con un mayor número de animales de diferentes grupos etarios y técnicas productivas, probando diferentes ambientes modificados.
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